Filed Under (General, Gluteus Medius Exercises, Hip Injury, Hip Pain, Run Injuries) by Rick Kaselj on 04-05-2012

This weekend, I am teaching Exercise Rehabilitation of the Lower Body courses. This is where I talk about exercises for knee, hip, ankle and foot injuries.
Before heading to teach, I thought it would be a good idea to see what is new in the research when it relates to the lower body.
Here is a paper that stood out on injuries and exercises:
Hip Muscle Activation in 3 Hip Exercises in Runners
What The Researchers Looked At
It is thought that PFPS and ITBS is caused by weak proximal muscles leading to dynamic valgus of the knee.
Dynamic Valgus is defined as:
“..a malalignment characterized by pelvic drop, which is inferior movement of the contralateral side of the pelvis during single-legged stance; femoral adduction and internal rotation; genu valgum; tibial internal rotation; and hyperpronation, and it occurs when the hip muscles cannot overcome the external torque caused by gravity acting on the body’s center of mass.”
Very cool stuff – try repeating that five times.
The research they did was straight forward. They used 20 distance runners from a local running club. They looked at the EMG (electromyography – electrical recording of muscle activity) of gluteus maximus (GMax), gluteus medius (GMed), tensor fascia late (TFL) and anterior hip flexors (AHF) during these three exercises:
- side-lying hip abduction
- side-lying clam exercises – it is thought that it focuses on strengthening the abductors and external rotators of the hip
- side-lying hip abduction with the leg externally rotated – it is thought this exercise targets GMax better than other exercises
Cool Stuff in the Introduction
As I have said before, I love reading the introduction to papers. There are always great stats and nuggets of information in there.
- 19% to 79% of runners will sustain a lower extremity injury
- The knee, lower leg and foot are the most common running injury areas
- The most frequent injuries in runners is patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS), injuries to the gluteus medius muscle (GMed), and greater trochanteric bursitis.
- TFL and GMed contribute to hip abduction but TFL also helps with hip flexion.
- VERY IMPORTANT ==> “authors of cadaver-based anatomical studies have demonstrated that beyond 40 degrees of hip flexion, the GMed no longer functions as a primary hip abductor. In more than 40 degrees of hip flexion, the GMEd functions as an internal rotator, and hip abduction is performed by the deep external rotators.”
- VERY IMPORTANT ==> 40% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) is needed in order to obtain strength gains.
Exercise Set Up
Here are some exercise set up points that stood out:
- Tempo – 60 beats per minute with a metronome with 1 beat concentric, 1 beat eccentric and 4 beats rest.
- Hip Abduction – They limited people to 35 degrees of hip abduction.
- Pelvis Neutral – They prevented any pelvis movement by using a blood pressure device in the lower back area.
- Resistance – 5% of body weight.
- Clam Exercises – It was done with 45 degrees of hip flexion and 90 degrees of knee flexion. The top leg was lifted to a point of 25 degrees to the horizontal.
The Results from the Research
- Side-lying Hip Abduction – GMed (79.1% MVIC) was more active than TFL (54% MVIC), AHF, and GMax
- Side-lying Clam Exercises – AHF (54.2% MVIC) was more active than GMed (32.6% MVIC), TFL, and GMax.
- Side-lying Hip Abduction with the Leg Externally Rotated – TFL (70.9% MVIC) was more active than GMax (31.7% MVIC), GMed, and AHF.
Rick’s Comment on Things
Also remember that there is a difference between body weight and resistance exercises. This research showed that with resisted side-lying hip abduction, GMed had a 79.1% MVIC while other research showed when it was just body weight it had 46.06% MVIC.
The point about 40% MVIC in order to see strength gains is a key thing to remember as side-lying clam exercises and side-lying hip abduction with the leg external rotate did not meet these requirements when targeting GMed or Max.
Where to get more information: McBeth JM, Earl-Boehm JE, Cobb SC, Huddleston WE. (2012). Hip muscle activity during 3 side-lying hip-strengthening exercises in distance runners. J Athl Train. 2012;47(1):15-23.
Where Should You Put the Tubing Around Your Knees in Order to Target Gluteus Medius the Best?
What The Researchers Looked At
The researchers wanted to look at designing a progressive rehabilitation program based on muscle activation.
They looked at the “Monster Walks” and “Sumo Walk”. Within each exercise they looked at tubing placement at the feet, ankles and knees.
They looked at 9 healthy male subjects and their muscle activation in the hip and torso.
The Results from the Research
- Tensor fascia latae (TFL) – demonstrated an increase in activation when you moved the band from the knees to the feet but there was no difference between the ankle and the foot.
- Gluteus medius – demonstrated an increase in activation as you move from the knees to the toes.
- Gluteus maximus – was only active when the tubing was wrapped around the feet.
- External Rotation of the Hip – when the tubing was wrapped around the ankles or feet, this lead to greater external rotation of the hip which lead to greater gluteus medius and maximus activation.
Rick’s Comment on Things
I was talking about this last weekend during the Exercise Rehabilitation of the Lower Body courses. I am glad I dug this up and finally read this.
I think this info will help bootcamp instructors, personal trainers, senior fitness leaders and rehabilitation professionals.
Darn, I love research.
Where to get more information – Cambridge ED, Sidorkewicz N, Ikeda DM, McGill SM. (2012). Progressive hip rehabilitation: The effects of resistance band placement on gluteal activation during two common exercises. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012 Mar 29. [Epub ahead of print]
Here is a resource for gluteus medius exercises. It is the video presentation that I did on Core Stability of the Hip:
That is it, have a great day.
Rick Kaselj, MS
If you enjoyed the above article, here are some of my other research reviews:
- Tennis Elbow Exercise Mistakes
- Core Stability and Injuries Plus a Tennis Elbow Exercise
- Scapular Stabilization Exercises, Jumper’s Knee and Osteoarthritis



What They Looked At
Participants participated in a 8 week stretching program and had improvements in joint motion in the hip and the ankle.
I am so excited about this.
I am getting ready for two in-services over the next two weeks. One is with a group of fitness professionals in a corporate fitness setting and the next is in a personal training studio.
What they found was they were similar.



Looking at the above function, you can see how they related, or can be compared to, the rotator cuff of the shoulder.
Nine months of planning and preparation has arrived, and the Mike Robertson’s Bulletproofing Your Client’s Knees and Lower Back seminar is here.
Maria Mountain:































